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  Forensic Psychology: Crime, Justice, Law Interventions

  THIRD EDITION

  EDITED BY

  GRAHAM M. DAVIES

  ANTHONY R. BEECH

  This edition first published 2018 by the British Psychological Society and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

  Edition History

  John Wiley & Sons Ltd (2e, 2012)

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  The right of Graham M. Davies and Anthony R. Beech to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law.

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  Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

  Names: Davies, Graham M., 1943- editor. | Beech, Anthony R., editor.

  Title: Forensic psychology : crime, justice, law interventions / edited by Graham M. Davies, Anthony R. Beech.

  Description: Third edition. | Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, 2017. | Includes bibliographical references and index. |

  Identifiers: LCCN 2017015701 (print) | LCCN 2017025886 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119106661 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119106654 (epub) | ISBN 9781119106678 (pbk.)

  Subjects: LCSH: Forensic psychology.

  Classification: LCC RA1148 (ebook) | LCC RA1148 .F5565 2017 (print) | DDC 614/.15–dc23

  LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017015701

  Cover design: Wiley

  Cover image: © Bliznetsov/Gettyimages

  The British Psychological Society’s free Research Digest email service rounds up the latest research and relates it to your syllabus in a user-friendly way. To subscribe go to http://www.researchdigest.org.uk or send a blank e-mail to [email protected].

  We would like to dedicate this Third Edition of our textbook to our families, but also to those who have particularly influenced and supported our work in forensic psychology:

  Graham M. Davies: Hadyn Ellis, John Shepherd, Beth Loftus, Gisli Gudjonsson, Ray Bull, and Don Thomson.

  Anthony R. Beech: Kevin Creeden, Glyn Humphreys, Richard Laws, William (Bill) Marshall, Adrian Raine, and Tony Ward.

  Contents

  Contributors

  Preface to Third Edition

  About the Editors

  About the Companion Website

  Introduction Forensic Psychology

  How to Become a Forensic Psychologist

  Professional Organisations for Forensic Psychologists

  Structure and Content of This Book

  Annotated Reading List

  References

  Notes

  PART 1 The Causes of Crime CHAPTER 1 Psychological Approaches to Understanding Crime 1.1 Introduction

  1.2 Psychological Theories

  1.3 Theories, Evidence, and Crime

  1.4 Mentally Disordered Offenders

  1.5 Conclusions

  1.6 Summary

  Essay/Discussion Questions

  Annotated Reading List

  References

  CHAPTER 2 Developmental and Psychological Theories of Offending 2.1 Introduction

  2.2 Developmental Theories

  2.3 Case Studies From the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development

  2.4 Psychological Theories

  2.5 The ICAP Theory

  2.6 Conclusions

  2.7 Summary

  Essay/Discussion Questions

  Annotated Reading List

  References

  CHAPTER 3 Psychopathy 3.1 Introduction

  3.2 Assessment of Psychopathy

  3.3 Psychopathy and Aggression

  3.4 Correlates of Psychopathy in Adolescents and Children

  3.5 Genetic Basis of Psychopathy

  3.6 Family Factors Associated with the Development of Psychopathy

  3.7 Attachment, Psychopathy and Offending

  3.8 Facial Expression Recognition

  3.9 Psychopathy and Aversive Conditioning

  3.10 Neurochemistry of Psychopathy

  3.11 Conclusions

  3.12 Summary

  Essay/Discussion Questions

  Annotated Reading List

  References

  CHAPTER 4 Understanding Risk Factors for Offending: the Contributions of Neuroscience 4.1 Introduction

  4.2 The Development of the Brain

  4.3 The Social Brain

  4.4 Risk Factors for Offending

  4.5 Modifying Environmental Risk Factors

  4.6 Summary

  Essay/Discussion Questions

  Annotated Reading List

  References

  CHAPTER 5 Effects of Interpersonal Crime on Victims 5.1 Introduction

/>   5.2 Childhood Victimisation

  5.3 Adulthood Victimisation

  5.4 Summary

  Essay/Discussion Questions

  Annotated Reading List

  References

  PART 2 Investigating Crime CHAPTER 6 Eyewitness Evidence 6.1 Introduction

  6.2 The Memory Process

  6.3 Estimator vs. System Variables

  6.4 Encoding Factors

  6.5 Storage Factors

  6.6 Retrieval Factors

  6.7 Conclusions

  6.8 Summary

  Essay/Discussion Questions

  Annotated Reading List

  References

  CHAPTER 7 Interviewing Witnesses 7.1 Introduction

  7.2 Shortcomings and Consequences of Traditional Investigative Interviews

  7.3 The Cognitive Interview (CI)

  7.4 Interviewing Vulnerable Witnesses

  7.5 Summary

  Essay/Discussion Questions

  Annotated Reading List

  References

  CHAPTER 8 Interviewing Suspects 8.1 Introduction

  8.2 What Officers are Advised to Do

  8.3 What Officers Do

  8.4 What Officers Should and Should Not Do

  8.5 Conclusions

  8.6 Summary

  Essay/Discussion Questions

  Annotated Reading List

  References

  Note

  CHAPTER 9 Detecting Deception 9.1 Introduction

  9.2 Theoretical Approaches to Deception

  9.3 Objective Cues to Deception

  9.4 Lie-Catchers’ Performance

  9.5 Detecting Deception from Verbal Content

  9.6 Computer-Based Linguistic Analysis

  9.7 Psycho-Physiological Detection of Deception

  9.8 Strategic Interviewing in Order to Elicit and Enhance Cues to Deception

  9.9 New Directions in Deception Detection Research

  9.10 Training to Detect Deception

  9.11 Conclusions

  9.12 Summary

  Essay/Discussion Questions

  Annotated Reading List

  References

  CHAPTER 10 Offender Profiling and Crime Linkage 10.1 Introduction

  10.2 Crime Linkage

  10.3 Offender Profiling

  10.4 Summary

  Essay/Discussion Questions

  Annotated Reading List

  References

  Notes

  CHAPTER 11 Interpersonal Violence and Stalking 11.1 Introduction

  11.2 Definitions and Terminology

  11.3 Lifetime and 12-Month Prevalence Rates of Intimate Partner Violence and Stalking

  11.4 Risk Factors and Theories

  11.5 Subtypes of Perpetrators

  11.6 Implications for Practice: Risk Assessment

  11.7 Summary

  Essay/Discussion Questions

  Annotated Reading List

  References

  CHAPTER 12 Terrorism 12.1 Introduction

  12.2 What are Terrorists, and What is Terrorism?

  12.3 The Psychology of Terrorism

  12.4 Becoming, Remaining, Disengaging

  12.5 Radicalisation

  12.6 Progression into Terrorist Activities: Autobiographical and Biographical Accounts

  12.7 Disengagement

  12.8 Suicide Terrorism and Political Suicide

  12.9 Assessment of Dangerousness

  12.10 Summary

  Notes

  Essay/Discussion Questions

  Annotated Reading List

  References

  PART 3 the Trial Process CHAPTER 13 Judicial Processes 13.1 Introduction

  13.2 Understanding the Justice System

  13.3 Evidence in Court

  13.4 Judges as Decision-Makers

  13.5 Juries as Decision-Makers

  13.6 Conclusions

  13.7 Summary

  Essay/Discussion Questions

  Annotated Reading List

  References

  CHAPTER 14 Safeguarding Vulnerable Witnesses 14.1 Introduction

  14.2 Witnesses’ Fears and Perceptions About Going to Court

  14.3 Preparing Witnesses for Court: Preparation and Social Support in Theory and Practice

  14.4 Protecting Witnesses at Court Through Special Measures

  14.5 Still Unmet Needs

  14.6 Conclusions

  14.7 Summary

  Essay/Discussion Questions

  Annotated Reading List

  References

  Notes

  CHAPTER 15 Identifying Perpetrators 15.1 Introduction

  15.2 The Problem of Mistaken Identification

  15.3 Eyewitness Identification and Human Memory

  15.4 Design Requirements of Identification Procedures

  15.5 Estimator Variables

  15.6 System Variables

  15.7 Malleability of Witness Confidence

  15.8 Official Guidance

  15.9 Identification from CCTV

  15.10 Conclusions

  15.11 Summary

  Essay/Discussion Questions

  Annotated Reading List

  References

  Notes

  CHAPTER 16 the Role of the Expert Witness 16.1 Introduction

  16.2 Taking Instruction

  16.3 Expert in Content and Process

  16.4 Evidence on Clinical Factors

  16.5 Standard of Proof

  16.6 Providing an Expert Opinion

  16.7 Giving Oral Evidence at Court

  16.8 Conclusions

  16.9 Summary

  Essay/Discussion Questions

  Annotated Reading List

  References

  Notes

  PART 4 Dealing with Offenders CHAPTER 17 Crime and Punishment: What Works? 17.1 Introduction

  17.2 The Sentence of the Court

  17.3 The Objectives of Sentencing

  17.4 The Impact of Sentencing

  17.5 Reducing Offending Behaviour

  17.6 Psychological Contributions to Offender Assessment and Management

  17.7 Summary

  Essay/Discussion Questions

  Annotated Reading List

  References

  Notes

  CHAPTER 18 Risk Assessment and General Offender Behaviour Programme Delivery 18.1 Introduction

  18.2 Risk Assessment within Offender Management

  18.3 Methods of Assessing Risk

  18.4 Risk and Need Instruments for Offenders

  18.5 Treatment Delivery

  18.6 General Offending Behaviour Programmes

  18.7 Evaluation of General Offending Behaviour Programmes

  18.8 Issues Related to Offending Behaviour Programmes

  18.9 Summary

  Essay/Discussion Questions

  Annotated Reading List

  References

  CHAPTER 19 Treating Dangerous Offenders 19.1 Introduction

  19.2 Types of Dangerous Offenders Typically Treated in A Criminal Justice Setting

  19.3 Treatment Frameworks

  19.4 The Evidence Base for the Treatment of Dangerous Offenders

  19.5 Considerations in Working with Dangerous Offenders

  19.6 Summary

  Essay/Discussion Questions

  Annotated Reading List

  References

  Note

  CHAPTER 20 Interventions with Female Offenders 20.1 Introduction

  20.2 Antisocial Behaviour in Adolescent Females

  20.3 Adult Female Offenders

  20.4 Summary

  Essay/Discussion Questions

  Annotated Reading List

  References

  Notes

  CHAPTER 21 Interventions for Offenders with Intellectual Disabilities 21.1 Introduction

  21.2 The Prevalence of ID in Offender Populations

  21.3 ID as a Risk Factor for Offending

  21.4 Assessment of Offenders with ID

  21.5 Interventions with Offenders with ID

  21.6 Autism Spectrum
Disorders and Crime

  21.7 Summary

  Essay/Discussion Questions

  Annotated Reading List

  References

  CHAPTER 22 Interventions with Mentally Disordered Offenders 22.1 Introduction

  22.2 History of Forensic Mental Health Services

  22.3 Types of Mental Illness/Forensic Behaviours Seen in Forensic Mental Health Services

  22.4 Legislation Pertaining to Mentally Disordered Offenders

  22.5 The Role of the Psychologist in Forensic Mental Health Settings

  22.6 Summary

  Essay/Discussion Questions

  Annotated Reading List

  References

  Note

  CHAPTER 23 the Rehabilitation of Offenders: Good Lives and Risk Reduction 23.1 Introduction

  23.2 What is the Nature of Offender Rehabilitation?

  23.3 What are the Features of Effective Offender Rehabilitation?

  23.4 Desistance from Crime

  23.5 The Risk-Need-Responsivity Model of Offender Rehabilitation

  23.6 Limitations of the Risk- Need-Responsivity Model

  23.7 The Good Lives Model

  23.8 Summary

  Essay/Discussion Questions

  Annotated Reading List

  References

  Glossary

  Index

  EULA

  List of Tables

  Chapter 1 Table 1.1

  Chapter 3 Table 3.1

  Table 3.2

  Chapter 5 Table 5.1

  Table 5.2

  Table 5.3

  Table 5.4

  Table 5.5

  Table 5.6

  Table 5.7

  Table 5.8

  Chapter 7 Table 7.1

  Chapter 10 Table 10.1

  Table 10.2

  Chapter 11 Table 11.1